Harrick Plasma → Applications → Electronics → Contact Printing →
Microcontact printing (µCP) transfers molecules from a soft, patterned stamp to a surface, the way an office rubber stamp transfers ink to paper, but with features down to a few microns. Since its introduction in the Whitesides lab it has become a standard way to pattern proteins for cell biology, build supported lipid bilayer arrays, print self-assembled monolayers and transfer functional materials for sensors and flexible electronics (Qin et al. 2010). Almost every one of these workflows depends on surface chemistry at two interfaces: the ink on the stamp and the stamp on the substrate. Plasma treatment is the most common tool for controlling both, and Harrick Plasma Cleaners appear in 180 microcontact and transfer printing papers in our database.
Why PDMS stamps need plasma
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the stamp material of choice because it is cheap, easy to mold and makes conformal contact with a substrate. It is also hydrophobic, so aqueous inks such as protein solutions bead up and adsorb unevenly. A short exposure to air or oxygen plasma converts the top few nanometers of PDMS into a hydrophilic, silica-like layer rich in silanol groups, so the ink wets the whole stamp face and transfers as a uniform pattern. In the widely used protocols from the Bornens and Piel labs, stamps are oxidized in air plasma for about 10 seconds before inking with fibronectin, and glass coverslips for about 3 minutes (Théry et al. 2007; Fink et al. 2007). Video protocols in JoVE show the same step for protein printing onto coverslips (Shen et al. 2008).
Proteins and cell patterning
About half of the contact printing papers in our database print extracellular matrix proteins (fibronectin, collagen, laminin) or other ligands to control where and how cells attach. The geometry of the printed islands then shapes the cell: mitotic spindle orientation (Théry et al. 2007), macrophage inflammatory response (Jain and Vogel 2018), human neural tube morphogenesis on micropatterned glass, where stamps and dishes were treated for 1 minute on the high setting in a Basic Plasma Cleaner (Karzbrun et al. 2021), and the compression of cancer cells by cancer-associated fibroblasts (Barbazan et al. 2023). Printing onto soft substrates works too: fibronectin printed onto a plasma-treated coverslip can be transferred again to a polyacrylamide hydrogel (Isomursu et al. 2022). How strongly the protein binds the substrate matters, and stamp and substrate treatment are two of the main levers (Hu et al. 2018).
Lipid bilayers, small molecules and SAMs
Plasma-oxidized stamps can carry supported lipid bilayers, which are printed as arrays and combined with proteins to study membranes and cell adhesion (Kung et al. 2000; Hovis and Boxer 2001; Kam and Boxer 2001), including inside microfluidic channels with a Basic Plasma Cleaner (Kim et al. 2006). For polar small molecules, tuning the stamp surface energy with low-power oxygen plasma controls how the ink loads and transfers (Vaish et al. 2011). Amine-terminated ligands such as biotin and RGD peptides have been printed onto biodegradable polymer films from stamps treated for 1 minute at medium power in an Expanded Plasma Cleaner (Lee et al. 2004).
Chemical lift-off lithography
Plasma can also make the stamp itself the reactive partner. In chemical lift-off lithography, oxygen plasma creates reactive siloxyl groups on a PDMS stamp, which bond covalently to a hydroxyl-terminated monolayer on gold and tear it away where they touch, leaving a high-resolution pattern for biosensors and small-molecule arrays (Cao et al. 2017; Cao et al. 2018). A related approach uses an activated stamp to remove a silane coating from glass and create liquid crystal microdroplet arrays for multiplexed sensing (Chang et al. 2023).
Transfer printing and nanotransfer molding
In transfer printing, the goal is to move a solid film or particle layer from the stamp to the target. Here plasma is used on the receiving surface (and sometimes the stamp) to raise its surface energy so the material lets go of the stamp. Examples include colloidal kagome lattices stamped onto plasma-treated PDMS (Chen et al. 2011), P3HT semiconducting films transferred after a low-power oxygen treatment (Kim et al. 2008), silver nanowire microelectrodes printed onto polyurethane, silicone rubber and copper treated in a Basic Plasma Cleaner (Kong et al. 2025) and residual-layer-free nanotransfer molding with perfluoropolyether stamps (Deagen et al. 2017; Deagen et al. 2019).
Stamp aging and silicone transfer
Two practical issues come up often. First, plasma-treated PDMS slowly regains its hydrophobicity as uncured low-molecular-weight chains migrate to the surface, so the effect depends on how long and how the stamp is stored after treatment (Lawton et al. 2005). Ink or use stamps soon after treatment. Second, uncured silicone can transfer from the stamp to the printed surface. Several studies report less PDMS residue when the stamp is plasma treated before printing (Ross et al. 2006; Hale et al. 2007), the surface energy of the substrate also affects how much silicone transfers (Yang et al. 2009), and extracting the stamp beforehand helps as well.
Getting started
Most published stamp treatments use air or oxygen for roughly 10 seconds to 1 minute, while glass and polymer substrates are often treated for 1 to 3 minutes. The Basic Plasma Cleaner handles individual stamps and coverslips, and the Expanded Plasma Cleaner fits wafers, multiwell plates and batches of stamps. The references below are a good place to find a protocol close to yours. Contact us if you would like help choosing settings or a system, and see our Contact Printing page for more applications.
Microcontact Printing Articles
Kong X, Liu Y, Wang J, Yue L, Gong M, Lin X, Gao F, Zhang L and Wang D. “Mask-Free Direct Printing of Highly Customizable, Conformable, Robust, and Recyclable Microelectrodes for Advanced Curvy Electronics”. Small 2025 21: 2410201. 10.1002/smll.202410201
Gargas J, Janowska J, Dabrowska-Bouta B, Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Hernández-Pinto AM, Miguez R, Suárez T, Struzynska L and Sypecka J. “SPAchips: Microparticles Used for the Selective In Vitro Labelling of Microglia”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2025 26(19): 9773. 10.3390/ijms26199773
Bhalla N. “Sensing Pico-Newton Plasmonic Forces and Jerks of LSPR Biochips Using Simple UV-Visible Spectroscopy”. Advanced Physics Research 2025 4: 2400205. 10.1002/apxr.202400205
Yu L, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhu J, Wang F, Ma L, Yi K, Xiao H, Zhou F, Wang F, Bai L, Zhu Y, Xiao X and Yang Y. “Magnetically Actuated Hydrogel Stamping-Assisted Cellular Mechanical Analyzer for Stored Blood Quality Detection”. ACS Sensors 2023 8: 1183-1191. 10.1021/acssensors.2c02507
Wu SD, Hsu S, Ketelsen B, Bittinger SC, Schlicke H, Weller H and Vossmeyer T. “Fabrication of Eco‐Friendly Wearable Strain Sensor Arrays via Facile Contact Printing for Healthcare Applications”. Small Methods 2023 7: 2300170. 10.1002/smtd.202300170
Srivastava P, Romanazzo S, Kopecky C, Nemec S, Ireland J, Molley TG, Lin K, Jayathilaka PB, Pandzic E, Yeola A, Chandrakanthan V, Pimanda J and Kilian K. “Defined microenvironments trigger in vitro gastrulation in human pluripotent stem cells”. Advanced Science 2023 10: 2203614. 10.1002/advs.202203614
Lam KH, Shihabeddin TZ, Awkal JA, Najjar AM, Miron-Mendoza M, Maruri DP, Varner VD, Petroll WM and Schmidtke DW. “Effects of Topography and PDGF on the Response of Corneal Keratocytes to Fibronectin-Coated Surfaces”. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2023 14: 217. 10.3390/jfb14040217
Jin M, Wu K, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yang C et al. “High‐Resolution, Multiplex Antibody Patterning using Micropillar‐Focused Droplet Printing, and Microcontact Printing”. Advanced Biology 2023. 10.1002/adbi.202300111
Chang CY, Chen WR, Kar P, Liao WS and Chen CH. “Creating Liquid Crystal Microdroplet Arrays for Multiplexed Sensing by Spatially-Controlled Molecular Patterning”. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2023 393: 134253. 10.1016/j.snb.2023.134253
Barbazan J, Pérez-González C, Gómez-González M, Dedenon M, Richon S, Latorre E, Serra M, Mariani P, Descroix S, Sens P, Trepat X and Vignjevic DM. “Cancer-associated fibroblasts actively compress cancer cells and modulate mechanotransduction”. Nature Communications 2023 14.
Rothermel TM, Cook III BL and Alford PW. “Cellular Microbiaxial Stretching Assay for Measurement and Characterization of the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Micropatterned Cells”. Current Protocols 2022. 10.1002/cpz1.370
Khan ZM, Wilts E, Vlaisavljevich E, Long TE and Verbridge SS. “Characterization and structure-property relationships of an injectable thiol-Michael addition hydrogel toward compatibility with glioblastoma therapy”. Acta Biomaterialia 2022 144: 266-278. 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.016
Jiang S, Alisafaei F, Huang YY, Hong Y, Peng X, Qu C, Puapatanakul P, Jain S, Miner JH, Genin GM and Suleiman HY. “An ex vivo culture model of kidney podocyte injury reveals mechanosensitive, synaptopodin-templating, sarcomere-like structures”. Science Advances 2022 8: eabn6027. 10.1126/sciadv.abn6027
Isomursu A, Park KY, Hou J, Cheng B, Mathieu M, Shamsan GA, Fuller B, Kasim J, Mahmoodi MM, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F, Lin M, Distefano MD, Ivaska J and Odde DJ. “Directed cell migration towards softer environments”. Nature Materials 2022 21. 10.1038/s41563-022-01294-2
Crestani M, Dini T, Gauthier NC and Monzo P. “Protocol to assess human glioma propagating cell migration on linear micropatterns mimicking brain invasion tracks”. STAR Protocols 2022 3: 101331. 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101331
Park S, Huang NWY, Wong CXY, Pan J, Albakr L, Gu J and Kang L. “Microstructured Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Tooth Germ Bioengineering”. Gels 2021 7: 123. 10.3390/gels7030123
Karzbrun E, Khankhel AH, Megale HC, Glasauer SMK, Wyle Y, Britton G, Warmflash A, Kosik KS, Siggia ED, Shraiman BI and Streichan SJ. “Human neural tube morphogenesis in vitro by geometric constraints”. Nature 2021 599: 268-272. 10.1038/s41586-021-04026-9
Garrison CM and Schwarzbauer JE. “Fibronectin fibril alignment is established upon initiation of extracellular matrix assembly”. Molecular biology of the cell 2021 32. 10.1091/mbc.E20-08-0533
Ameer FS, Ranasinghe M, Varahagiri S et al. “Impressively printing patterns of gold and silver nanoparticles”. Nano Select 2021 2. 10.1002/nano.202000278
Monzo P, Crestani M and Gauthier NC. “In Vitro Mechanobiology of Glioma: Mimicking the Brain Blood Vessels and White Matter Tracts Invasion Paths”. Brain Tumors 2020 158: 159-196. 10.1007/978-1-0716-0856-2_8
Lee K, Koon YL, Kim J, Chiam KH and Park S. “Astral microtubules determine the final division axis of cells confined on anisotropic surface topography”. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 2020: 70-86. 10.1080/17458080.2020.1729355
Hui LS, Munir M, Whiteway E, Vuong A, Hilke M, Wong V, Fanchini G and Turak A. “Tunable Etching of CVD Graphene for Transfer Printing of Nanoparticles Driven by Desorption of Contaminants with Low Temperature Annealing”. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2020 9: 093006. 10.1149/2162-8777/aba855
Hui LS, Munir M, Vuong A, Hilke M, Wong V, Fanchini G, Scharber MC, Sariciftci NS and Turak A. “Universal transfer printing of micelle templated nanoparticles using plasma functionalized graphene”. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020 12: 46530-46538. 10.1021/acsami.0c12178
Giacomelli C, Álvarez-Diduk R, Testolin A and Merkoci A. “Selective Stamping of Laser Scribed rGO Nanofilms: From Sensing to Multiple Applications”. 2D Materials 2020 7. 10.1088/2053-1583/ab68a7
Ghisleni A, Galli C, Monzo P, Ascione F, Fardin M, Scita G, Li Q, Maiuri P and Gauthier NC. “Complementary mesoscale dynamics of spectrin and acto-myosin shape membrane territories during mechanoresponse”. Nature Communications 2020 11. 10.1038/s41467-020-18825-7
Dirar Q, Russell T, Liu L, Ahn S, Dotti G, Aravamudhan S, Conforti L and Yun Y. “Activation and degranulation of CAR-T cells using engineered antigen-presenting cell surfaces”. PLoS One 2020 15. 10.1371/journal.pone.0238819
Binderup S and Korampally V. “Comparative Investigation of Nanotransfer Techniques for Low-cost, High-throughput metal Patterning”. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electro-Information Technology 2020: 562.
Belling JN, Cheung KM, Jackman JA, Sut TN, Allen M, Park JH, Jonas SJ, Cho N and Weiss PS. “Lipid Bicelle Micropatterning Using Chemical Lift-Off Lithography”. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020 12: 13447-13455. 10.1021/acsami.9b20617
Shakeri A, Imani SM, Chen E, Yousefi H, Shabbir R and Didar T. “Plasma-induced covalent immobilization and patterning of bioactive species in microfluidic devices”. Lab on a Chip 2019 19: 3104-3115. 10.1039/C9LC00364A
Park S, Jackman JA, Xu X, Weiss PS and Cho N. “Micropatterned Viral Membrane Clusters for Antiviral Drug Evaluation”. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2019 11: 13984-13990. 10.1021/acsami.9b01724
Kaneko A, Katayama T and Morishita S. “Micro Fabrication of Au Thin-Film by Transfer-Printing Using Atomic Diffusion Bonding”. International Journal of Automation Technology 2019 13: 810-816. 10.20965/ijat.2019.p0810
Imani SM, Badv M, Shakeri A, Yousefi H, Yip D, Fine C and Didar T. “Micropatterned biofunctional lubricant-infused surfaces promote selective localized cell adhesion and patterning”. Lab on a Chip 2019 19: 3228-3237. 10.1039/C9LC00608G
Doolin MT and Stroka KM. “Integration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into a Novel Micropillar Confinement Assay”. Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 2019 25. 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0083
Deagen ME, Chan EP, Schadler LS and Ullal CK. “Corona Treatment for Nanotransfer Molding Adhesion”. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2019 1: 997-1005. 10.1021/acsapm.9b00028
Jain N and Vogel V. “Spatial confinement downsizes the inflammatory response of macrophages”. Nat. Mater. 2018 17: 1134-1144. 10.1038/s41563-018-0190-6
Hyun WJ, Secor EB, Bidoky FZ, Walker SB, Lewis JA, Hersam MC, Francis LF and Frisbie CD. “Self-aligned capillarity-assisted printing of top-gate thin-film transistors on plastic”. Flex. Print. Electron. 2018 3(3): 035004. 10.1088/2058-8585/aad476
Hu S, Chen TH, Zhao Y, Wang Z and Lam RHW. “Protein-Substrate Adhesion in Microcontact Printing Regulates Cell Behavior”. Langmuir 2018 34(4): 1750-1759. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02935
Chen CY, Wang CM, Chen PS and Liao WS. “Self-standing aptamers by an artificial defect-rich matrix”. Nanoscale 2018 10: 3191-3197. 10.1039/C7NR07381J
Cao HH, Nakatsuka N, Deshayes S, Abendroth JM, Yang H, Weiss PS, Kasko AM and Andrews AM. “Small-Molecule Patterning via Prefunctionalized Alkanethiols”. Chem. Mater. 2018 30(12): 4017-4030. 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00377
Shelly M, Lee SI, Suarato G, Meng Y and Pautot S. “Photolithography-Based Substrate Microfabrication for Patterning Semaphorin 3A to Study Neuronal Development”. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017 1493: 321-343. 10.1007/978-1-4939-6448-2_24
Sathish S, Ricoult SG, Toda-Peters K and Shen AQ. “Microcontact printing with aminosilanes: creating biomolecule micro- and nanoarrays for multiplexed microfluidic bioassays”. Analyst 2017 142: 1772-1781. 10.1039/C7AN00273D
Richards MJ and Daniel S. “Two-Phase Contiguous Supported Lipid Bilayer Model for Membrane Rafts via Polymer Blotting and Stenciling”. Langmuir 2017 33(5): 1285-1294. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04385
Lyra-Leite DM, Andres AM, Petersen AP, Ariyasinghe NR, Cho N, Lee JA, Gottlieb RA and McCain ML. “Mitochondrial function in engineered cardiac tissues is regulated by extracellular matrix elasticity and tissue alignment”. Am. J. Physiol. 2017 313(4): H757-H767. 10.1152/ajpheart.00290.2017
Hyun WJ, Secor EB, Kim CH, Hersam MC, Francis LF and Frisbie CD. “Scalable, Self-Aligned Printing of Flexible Graphene Micro-Supercapacitors”. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017 7(17): 1700285. 10.1002/aenm.201700285
Hohenberger E, Freitag N and Korampally V. “Rapid and high throughput fabrication of high temperature stable structures through PDMS transfer printing”. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017 27(7): 075025. 10.1088/1361-6439/aa7597
Fried AS and Ricoult SGG. “Micro- and nanocontact printing with aminosilanes: patterning surfaces of microfluidic devices for multiplexed bioassays”. Patent WO2017135309A1 2017.
Deagen ME, Schadler LS and Ullal CK. “Wetting Regimes for Residual-Layer-Free Transfer Molding at Micro- and Nanoscales”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017 9(41): 36385-36391. 10.1021/acsami.7b09402
Cao HH, Nakatsuka N, Liao WS, Serino AC, Cheunkar S, Yang H, Weiss PS and Andrews AM. “Advancing Biocapture Substrates via Chemical Lift-Off Lithography”. Chem. Mater. 2017 29(16): 6829-6839. 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01970
Milano DF, Ngai NA, Muthuswamy SK and Asthagiri AR. “Regulators of Metastasis Modulate the Migratory Response to Cell Contact under Spatial Confinement”. Biophysical Journal 2016 110(8): 1886-1895. 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.040
Lee K, Kim EH, Oh N, Tuan NA, Bae NH, Lee SJ, Lee KG, Eom CY, Yim EK and Park S. “Contribution of actin filaments and microtubules to cell elongation and alignment depends on the grating depth of microgratings”. J. Nanobiotechnology 2016 14(1): 1. 10.1186/s12951-016-0187-8
Wang Z, Xia J, Yan Y, Tsai AC, Li Y, Ma T and Guan J. “Facile functionalization and assembly of live cells with microcontact-printed polymeric biomaterials”. Acta Biomaterialia 2015 11: 80-87. 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.006
Hsiao YS, Ho BC, Yan HX, Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Yu HH and Chen P. “Integrated 3D conducting polymer-based bioelectronics for capture and release of circulating tumor cells”. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015 3(25): 5103-5110. 10.1039/c5tb00096c
Hosseini Y, Agah M and Verbridge SS. “Endothelial cell sensing, restructuring, and invasion in collagen hydrogel structures”. Integr. Biol. 2015 7(11): 1432-1441. 10.1039/c5ib00207a
Yamashita T, Yoshino K and Kaneko A. “Micro/nano-mechanical structure fabricated by transfer printing”. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 2014 15(12): 2581-2587. 10.1007/s12541-014-0630-4
Wu H, Menon M, Zhu C, Balasubramanian A and Bettinger CJ. “Lithography-Free Microfabrication of Electrode Arrays with 2 µm Electrode Gaps Using Topographic Templates”. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2014 1(9). 10.1002/admi.201400301
Shao G, Glaz MS, Ma F, Ju H and Ginger DS. “Intensity-modulated scanning Kelvin probe microscopy for probing recombination in organic photovoltaics”. ACS Nano 2014 8(10): 10799-10807. 10.1021/nn5045867
Natividad RJ and Asthagiri AR. “A micropatterned microfluidic device for engineering soluble and tethered environmental cues in cell culture”. 2014 40th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC) 2014. 10.1109/nebec.2014.6972888
Muller A, Meyer J, Paumer T and Pompe T. “Cytoskeletal transition in patterned cells correlates with interfacial energy model”. Soft Matter 2014 10(14): 2444-2452. 10.1039/c3sm52424h
Hubbard B, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA and Smith ML. “Heparin-dependent regulation of fibronectin matrix conformation”. Matrix Biology 2014 34: 124-131. 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.006
Eyer K, Paech F, Schuler F, Kuhn P, Kissner R, Belli S, Dittrich PS and Kramer SD. “A liposomal fluorescence assay to study permeation kinetics of drug-like weak bases across the lipid bilayer”. J. Controlled Release 2014 173: 102-109. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.037
Choi JH, Jin HK, Bae JS, Park CW, Cheong IW and Kim GM. “Fabrication of detachable hydrogel microplates for separably patterned cell culture”. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2014 15(5): 945-948. 10.1007/s12541-014-0421-y
Lee I, Drzal LT, Lu J and Hendricks TR. “Micropatterning of conductive graphite particles using microcontact printing”. Patent US20130009825A1 2013.
Huang D, Wang Z, Xia J, Zhang P, Kirkland B, Paravastu AK and Guan J. “Microcontact printing of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid monomers and fibrils”. European Polymer Journal 2013 49(10): 3052-3059. 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.06.029
Taylor ZR, Keay JC, Sanchez ES, Johnson MB and Schmidtke DW. “Independently Controlling Protein Dot Size and Spacing in Particle Lithography”. Langmuir 2012 28(25): 9656-9663. 10.1021/la300806m
Sung D, Park S and Jon S. “Facile Immobilization of Biomolecules onto Various Surfaces Using Epoxide-Containing Antibiofouling Polymers”. Langmuir 2012 28(9): 4507-4514. 10.1021/la204898y
Sun Y, Huang Z, Liu W, Yang K, Sun K, Xing S, Wang D, Zhang W and Jiang X. “Surface Coating as a Key Parameter in Engineering Neuronal Network Structures In Vitro”. Biointerphases 2012 7: 1-14. 10.1007/s13758-012-0029-7
Knesting KM, Hotchkiss PJ, MacLeod BA, Marder SR and Ginger DS. “Spatially Modulating Interfacial Properties of Transparent Conductive Oxides: Patterning Work Function with Phosphonic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers”. Advanced Materials 2012 24(5): 642-646. 10.1002/adma.201102321
Khan SU and Ten Elshof JE. “Patterning luminescent nanocrystalline LaPO4:Eu and CePO4:Tb particles embedded in hybrid organosilica with soft-lithographic techniques”. J. Nanomater. 2012 2012: 279810. 10.1155/2012/279810
George A, Mathew S, van Gastel R, Nijland M, Gopinadhan K, Brinks P, Venkatesan T and ten Elshof JE. “Large Area Resist-Free Soft Lithographic Patterning of Graphene”. Small 2012 9(5): 711-715. 10.1002/smll.201201889
George A, Knez M, Hlawacek G, Hagedoorn D, Verputten HHJ, van Gastel R and ten Elshof JE. “Nanoscale Patterning of Organosilane Molecular Thin Films from the Gas Phase and Its Applications: Fabrication of Multifunctional Surfaces and Large Area Molecular Templates for Site-Selective Material Deposition”. Langmuir 2012 28(5): 3045-3052. 10.1021/la204437r
Bian S, Schesing KB and Braunschweig AB. “Matrix-assisted polymer pen lithography induced Staudinger Ligation”. Chemical Communications 2012 48(41): 4995-4997. 10.1039/C2CC31615C
Hogins J, Crawford DC, Zorumski CF and Mennerick S. “Excitotoxicity triggered by neurobasal culture medium”. PLoS ONE 2011 6: e25633. 10.1371/journal.pone.0025633
Fukuda J and Nakazawa K. “Hepatocyte spheroid arrays inside microwells connected with microchannels”. Biomicrofluidics 2011 5(2): 022205. 10.1063/1.3576905
Zhang HY and Hill RJ. “Lipopolymer gradient diffusion in supported bilayer membranes”. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2011 8(56): 312-321. 10.1098/rsif.2010.0352
Zhang P and Guan J. “Fabrication of Multilayered Microparticles by Integrating Layer-by-Layer Assembly and MicroContact Printing”. Small 2011 7(21): 2998-3004. 10.1002/smll.201101238
Vishwanathan A, Bi GQ and Zeringue HC. “Ring-shaped neuronal networks: a platform to study persistent activity”. Lab on a Chip 2011 11(6): 1081-8. 10.1039/c0lc00450b
Vaish A, Shuster MJ, Cheunkar S, Weiss PS and Andrews AM. “Tuning Stamp Surface Energy for Soft Lithography of Polar Molecules to Fabricate Bioactive Small-Molecule Microarrays”. Small 2011 7(10): 1471-1479. 10.1002/smll.201100094
Sung D, Shin DH and Jon S. “Toward immunoassay chips: Facile immobilization of antibodies on cyclic olefin copolymer substrates through pre-activated polymer adlayers”. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2011 26(9): 3967-3972. 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.005
Sakai Y, Yoshiura Y and Nakazawa K. “Embryoid body culture of mouse embryonic stem cells using microwell and micropatterned chips”. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2011 111(1): 85-91. 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.08.014
Rahman M and Norton ML. “Multi-layer graphene grid and nanowire fabrication and printing”. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology 2011: 592-595. 10.1109/NANO.2011.6144440
Mehrotra S, Lee I, Liu C and Chan C. “Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Stamping in Aqueous Phase and Non-Contact Mode”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011 50(15): 8851-8858. 10.1021/ie102011m
Junkin M, Leung SL, Yang Y, Lu Y, Volerming J and Wong PK. “Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks”. J. Vis. Exp. 2011 52(52): e3115. 10.3791/3115
Junkin M and Wong PK. “Probing cell migration in confined environments by plasma lithography”. Biomaterials 2011 32(7): 1848-1855. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.009
George A, Maijenburg AW, Maas MG, Blank DHA and ten Elshof JE. “Patterning Functional Materials Using Channel Diffused Plasma-Etched Self-Assembled Monolayer Templates”. Langmuir 2011 27(19): 12235-12242. 10.1021/la2013667
Cheng H, Zhou X, Tsang CK, Cheng JW, Liang F, Zheng B and Li YY. “Photonic porous silicon-based hybrid particles by soft-lithography”. Phys. Status Solidi C 2011 8(6): 1754-1758. 10.1002/pssc.201000057
Chen Q, Bae SC and Granick S. “Directed self-assembly of a colloidal kagome lattice”. Nature 2011 469(7330): 381-384. 10.1038/nature09713
Chang RC, Emami K, Jeevarajan A, Wu H and Sun W. “Microprinting of Liver Micro-organ for Drug Metabolism Study”. Biological Microarrays 2011 671: 219-238. 10.1007/978-1-59745-551-0_13
Wang D, Xie Y, Yuan B, Xu J, Gong P and Jiang X. “A stretching device for imaging real-time molecular dynamics of live cells adhering to elastic membranes on inverted microscopes during the entire process of the stretch”. Integrative Biology 2010 2: 288-293. 10.1039/b920644b
Riveline D and Buguin A. “Devices and methods for observing the cell division”. European Patent Application EP 2219027 A1 2010.
Stranik O, Iacopino D, Nooney R, McDonagh C and MacCraith BD. “Optical Properties of Micro-patterned Silver Nanoparticle Substrates”. Journal of Fluorescence 2010 20(1): 215-223. 10.1007/s10895-009-0541-4
Shadpour H and Allbritton NL. “In situ Roughening of Polymeric Microstructures”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010 2(4): 1086-1093. 10.1021/am900860s
Scheres L, ter Maat J, Giesbers M and Zuilhof H. “Microcontact Printing onto Oxide-Free Silicon via Highly Reactive Acid Fluoride-Functionalized Monolayers”. Small 2010 6(5): 642-650. 10.1002/smll.200901650
Qin D, Xia Y and Whitesides GM. “Soft lithography for micro-and nanoscale patterning”. Nat. Protoc. 2010 5(3): 491-502. 10.1038/nprot.2009.234
Nakazawa K, Shinmura Y, Yoshiura Y and Sakai Y. “Effect of cell spot sizes on micropatterned cultures of rat hepatocytes”. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2010 53(1): 85-91. 10.1016/j.bej.2010.09.013
Li H, Zhang J, Zhou X, Lu G, Yin Z, Li G, Wu T, Boey F, Venkatraman SS and Zhang H. “Aminosilane Micropatterns on Hydroxyl-Terminated Substrates: Fabrication and Applications”. Langmuir 2010 26(8): 5603-5609. 10.1021/la9039144
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